Signal Training GPT-4 and Gemini Ultra cost a reported $78 million and $191 million

Summary

This signal puts a price on training the most advanced AI models. The report states that OpenAI's GPT-4 required an investment of $78 million and Google's Gemini Ultra $191 million. Such costs are a major barrier for smaller organisations and regions with little funding, and research into cheaper training, hardware optimisation and sustainable computing is lagging. By contrast, DeepSeek built high-performing models for around $5.5 million, showing that resource-conscious innovation is possible. The report uses this contrast to argue that cost, more than capability, shapes who can take part in frontier AI. It also ties the figure to the widening gap between industry and academia.